--- title: "Semaglutide | PepTracker Pro" description: "A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management." lang: en json-ld: | [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "PepTracker Pro", "url": "https://peptrackerpro.com", "logo": "https://peptrackerpro.com/favicon.png", "description": "Evidence-based educational resource dedicated to improving peptide research literacy.", "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "email": "hello@peptrackerpro.com", "contactType": "customer support" }, "sameAs": [] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Semaglutide", "description": "A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.", "url": "https://peptrackerpro.com/peptides/semaglutide", "lastReviewed": "2026-07-17", "reviewedBy": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "PepTracker Pro Research Team", "url": "https://peptrackerpro.com" }, "isPartOf": { "@type": "WebSite", "name": "PepTracker Pro", "url": "https://peptrackerpro.com" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://peptrackerpro.com" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Peptides", "item": "https://peptrackerpro.com/peptides" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Semaglutide", "item": "https://peptrackerpro.com/peptides/semaglutide" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "People exploring FDA-approved weight loss medications?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Semaglutide is a research peptide studied in preclinical models. A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Those comparing incretin-based therapies?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Semaglutide is a research peptide studied in preclinical models. A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Individuals researching GLP-1 pharmacology?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Semaglutide is a research peptide studied in preclinical models. A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management." } } ] } ] --- [Skip to main content](#main) **Educational information only.** This site does not provide medical advice. [Read full disclaimer](/disclaimer) [PepTracker Pro](/) [Home](/)[Peptides](/peptides)[Compare](/compare)[Glossary](/glossary)[Blog](/blog)[Calculators](/calculators)[Start Here](/start) [Open the App](https://app.peptrackerpro.com) [Peptides](/peptides)/ Semaglutide **Research-only content.** This page is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice. [Read full disclaimer →](/research-disclaimer) # Semaglutide High Evidence A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Aliases Ozempic +5 more Evidence High Evidence Last Updated 2026-07-17 Reading Time 7 min ## Table of Contents 1. [What It Is](#what-it-is) 2. [Evidence Snapshot](#evidence-snapshot) 3. [Commonly Discussed Benefits](#benefits) 4. [Safety & Cautions](#safety) 5. [Comparisons](#comparisons) 6. [Calculator Tools](#calculator) 7. [Citations](#citations) ## What It Is Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist available as a weekly subcutaneous injection (Ozempic for diabetes, Wegovy for weight management) and an oral formulation (Rybelsus for diabetes, oral Wegovy approved March 2025 for weight management). In February 2026, the FDA approved Ozempic as the new proprietary name for oral semaglutide tablets at 1.5 mg, 4 mg, and 9 mg doses for type 2 diabetes — replacing Rybelsus with improved bioavailability tablets that became available in the US on May 4, 2026. The FDA also expanded semaglutide's kidney indications in January 2025, approving Ozempic to reduce the risk of kidney disease worsening and kidney failure in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (FLOW trial: 24% risk reduction in major kidney events at 3 years). In Phase 3 EVOKE/EVOKE+ trials for early Alzheimer's disease, oral semaglutide did not slow clinical progression on CDR-SB or ADCS-ADL-MCI at 104 weeks versus placebo, though it significantly reduced CSF p-tau181 biomarker — suggesting biological effect on Alzheimer's pathology without clinical translation. It demonstrated approximately 15% weight loss at 68 weeks in pivotal obesity trials. The SELECT trial demonstrated a 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in overweight and obese adults without diabetes, fundamentally expanding GLP-1 agonists from diabetes medications to cardiovascular protectants. In 2026, multiple clinical trials are evaluating semaglutide's unexpected neuroprotective properties — particularly in Parkinson's disease research, where GLP-1 receptor agonism may slow disease progression by reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing mitochondrial function, and promoting neuronal survival in the substantia nigra. In a head-to-head NEJM trial, tirzepatide showed superior weight loss (−20.2% vs −13.7% for semaglutide at 72 weeks), though semaglutide retains advantages in approved indications, real-world prescribing data, and cardiovascular outcomes evidence. A large national cohort study published in The Lancet Psychiatry (2026) analyzing nearly 100,000 individuals from Swedish health registers found that GLP-1 receptor agonist use was associated with a 42% lower risk of worsening mental health outcomes, including a 44% lower risk of depression and 38% lower risk of anxiety, as well as a 47% lower risk of substance use disorder. GLP-1 RA users had significantly fewer psychiatric hospital visits and less time off work due to mental health conditions. While the study is observational and cannot establish causality, the magnitude of the associations — consistent across multiple psychiatric outcomes — has intensified research interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism as a potential neuropsychiatric intervention. In January 2026, the FDA approved oral semaglutide 25 mg (marketed as Wegovy) as the first-ever oral GLP-1 for weight management at $149/month, dramatically expanding access beyond injectable formulations. Oral semaglutide is also the first and only oral GLP-1 receptor agonist with an approved cardiovascular risk reduction indication, with the 7 mg and 14 mg tablets indicated to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, Novo Nordisk reported positive PIONEER TEENS results in April 2026, demonstrating superior HbA1c reduction in children aged 10-17 with T2D, potentially making oral semaglutide the first oral GLP-1 RA for pediatric type 2 diabetes. Early real-world data from the first six weeks after oral Wegovy approval shows rapid uptake: 8,762 patients received prescriptions, with 36.1% having no prior GLP-1 use — indicating the oral formulation is expanding access to previously untreated patients. Most prescriptions were written by general practice providers rather than specialists, signaling mainstream adoption. Novo Nordisk's indirect comparison presented at the Obesity Medicine Association 2026 meeting showed oral Wegovy demonstrated greater weight loss than orforglipron with lower odds of discontinuation due to side effects. In August 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval for Wegovy (semaglutide injection) for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis (stages F2-F3) -- making it the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for this indication. Approval was based on the Phase 3 ESSENCE trial, where 63% of semaglutide-treated patients achieved resolution of steatohepatitis with no worsening of fibrosis at 72 weeks versus 34% on placebo. Confirmatory data from the ongoing ESSENCE trial is required to verify long-term clinical benefit. On May 20, 2026, a systematic review and meta-analysis published in Cardiovascular Diabetology — Endocrinology Reports by Anglia Ruskin University researchers analyzed data from over 90,000 participants across major international clinical trials. The review confirmed that GLP-1 receptor agonists including semaglutide significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiovascular death, with no meaningful increase in serious safety risks compared to placebo. This meta-analysis reinforces the SELECT trial's individual findings across a broader evidence base and strengthens the cardiovascular indication for semaglutide. Real-world comparative analyses published in 2026, including a propensity-matched cohort study, have associated GLP-1 receptor agonist use with approximately 20-35% lower dementia incidence compared to DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors, with the strongest effect observed for semaglutide. A 2026 AAN Annual Meeting presentation confirmed biomarker and real-world signals of neuroprotection in Alzheimer disease, while research published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology demonstrated that the neuroprotective properties of GLP-1 receptor agonists correlate with their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. These findings have intensified clinical interest in GLP-1 RA neurological applications, though large-scale randomized controlled trials specifically powered for dementia endpoints are still needed. At EASL Congress 2026 (May 27-30, Barcelona), Novo Nordisk presented new subgroup analyses from the ESSENCE Phase 3 trial demonstrating semaglutide's favorable hepatic safety profile independent of baseline patient characteristics, with dedicated analyses in menopausal women and Japanese patient populations — groups historically underrepresented in MASH research. The ESSENCE Liver Safety analysis, led by Philip Newsome, confirmed no hepatic safety signals regardless of age, sex, BMI, diabetes status, or baseline fibrosis stage. These data reinforce semaglutide's position as the first GLP-1 RA approved for MASH (August 2025), with growing real-world and subgroup evidence supporting its hepatic benefit profile. A landmark genome-wide association study by 23andMe Research Institute, published in Nature in April 2026, analyzed 27,885 GLP-1 medication users and identified a missense variant in GLP1R significantly associated with increased weight loss efficacy (additional −0.76 kg per copy of the effect allele). The study also found that variants in both GLP1R and GIPR are linked to nausea and vomiting side effects, with a partial loss-of-function variant in GIPR associated with increased vomiting risk exclusively in tirzepatide users but not semaglutide users. These findings lay the groundwork for genotype-informed prescribing in obesity pharmacotherapy and represent the first large-scale pharmacogenomic study of GLP-1 receptor agonist response. The Medicare GLP-1 Bridge program, launching July 1, 2026, covers both injectable Wegovy and oral Wegovy (tablets) for eligible Medicare Part D beneficiaries at a $50/month copayment — dramatically expanding access for the 67+ million Americans on Medicare. CMS has designated Wegovy (injection and tablets) alongside Foundayo and Zepbound as eligible medications under this time-limited demonstration running through December 31, 2027. Also known as: Ozempic, Ozempic pill, Wegovy, Wegovy HD, Rybelsus, Wegovy pill ## Evidence Snapshot High Evidence Low Medium High Study Type Model Outcome Link Phase 3 (STEP) Subcutaneous weekly injection Substantial weight loss in participants with obesity [Source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/) Phase 3 (OASIS) Oral 25mg vs placebo 15.1% weight loss at 68 weeks with oral formulation [Source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) Phase 3 (OASIS 4) Oral 25mg tablet, 64-week, obesity without diabetes 16.6% mean weight loss; 79.2% achieved ≥5% weight loss; 71.1% with prediabetes normalized blood glucose [Source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40934115/) Phase 3b (STEP UP) Injectable 7.2mg vs 2.4mg vs placebo, 72 weeks, adults with obesity without diabetes (n=1,407) 20.7% weight loss with 7.2mg (adherent); 33.2% achieved ≥25% loss; dysesthesia noted at 18.9% vs 4.9% (2.4mg) [Source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40961952/) Observational cohort GLP-1 RA in type 1 diabetes patients (n=175,000), Johns Hopkins 2026 15% reduction in major cardiovascular events; 19% reduction in end-stage kidney disease; 18% lower hypoglycemia hospitalizations [Source](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/improved-heart-and-kidney-outcomes-for-type-1-diabetes-patients-taking-glp-1-weight-loss-drugs) Genomic (Genome Medicine) GLP-1 resistance: PAM enzyme genetic variants in ~10% of population (international, n=1,119 pooled trial participants) PAM variant carriers had significantly reduced HbA1c response to GLP-1 drugs; 11.5% vs 25% reached HbA1c targets at 6 months [Source](https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/) Human (GWAS) Genome-wide association study of GLP-1 RA response GLP1R missense variant associated with −0.76 kg additional weight loss per allele; pharmacogenomic implications [Source](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z) Phase 3 (EVOKE/EVOKE+) Weekly injection in early Alzheimer's disease No benefit on primary endpoint (CDR-SB) or secondary endpoint (ADCS-ADL-MCI) vs placebo at 104 weeks. However, significant reduction in CSF p-tau181 biomarker at week 78, suggesting biological effect on Alzheimer's pathology without clinical translation. Full data presented March 19, 2026 at AD/PD 2026 conference. [Source](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736\(26\)00459-9/fulltext) Phase 3 (FLOW) Semaglutide 1 mg in CKD with T2D 24% reduction in major kidney events; slowed eGFR decline [Source](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347) Observational (national cohort) ~100,000 individuals in Swedish health registers (2009–2022) GLP-1 RA use associated with 42% lower risk of worsening mental health, 44% lower depression risk, 38% lower anxiety risk, 47% lower substance use disorder risk [Source](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/05/260502233924.htm) Phase 3 (ESSENCE) Semaglutide injection in MASH with F2-F3 fibrosis (n=800) 63% achieved MASH resolution without fibrosis worsening at 72 weeks vs 34% placebo; accelerated FDA approval August 2025 [Source](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-treatment-serious-liver-disease-known-mash) Meta-analysis (90,000+ participants) Systematic review of GLP-1 RA cardiovascular outcomes across major international trials Significant reduction in heart attacks, strokes, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiovascular death; no increase in serious safety risks vs placebo [Source](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/05/260520093731.htm) Observational cohort (2026) Propensity-matched cohort - GLP-1 RA users vs DPP-4/SGLT2 inhibitor users (>2 million individuals) 20-35% lower dementia incidence with GLP-1 RA use; strongest effect for semaglutide; correlation between blood-brain barrier penetration and neuroprotective effect [Source](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12536097/) Human (Phase 3, ESSENCE — EASL 2026 subgroup analyses) Semaglutide in MASH — hepatic safety, menopausal women, Japanese populations Favorable liver safety profile independent of baseline characteristics; dedicated subgroup data in menopausal women and Japanese patients confirming consistent efficacy and safety [Source](https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/novo-nordisk-highlights-semaglutide-liver-safety-and-subgroup-data-in-mash-at-easl-2026) GWAS (Nature 2026) 23andMe cohort of 27,885 GLP-1 medication users — genome-wide association study of weight loss efficacy and side effects GLP1R missense variant associated with −0.76 kg additional weight loss per allele copy; GIPR loss-of-function variant linked to tirzepatide-specific vomiting risk; first pharmacogenomic map of GLP-1 drug response [Source](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z) ## Commonly Discussed Benefits [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)[Neuroprotection](/benefits/neuroprotection)[Mood](/benefits/mood)[Liver Health](/benefits/liver-health) Researching Semaglutide ? Track it, set reminders, and keep notes in the free app. [Track in App](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=semaglutide) ## Safety & Cautions - FDA-approved prescription medication requiring medical oversight - Gastrointestinal side effects are common, especially during dose escalation - Black box warning for thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent studies - Should not be used in combination with other GLP-1 agonists - A Nature GWAS study (2026) identified a GLP1R missense variant associated with enhanced efficacy (additional −0.76 kg weight loss per allele copy), opening the door to pharmacogenomic prescribing - On May 1, 2026, the FDA proposed excluding semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide from the 503B Bulks List, finding no clinical need for outsourcing facilities to compound these drugs from bulk substances. Public comment period closes June 29, 2026. - Medicare GLP-1 Bridge launches July 1, 2026: eligible Part D beneficiaries can access injectable and oral Wegovy at $50/month copayment through December 31, 2027 ## Comparisons See how Semaglutide compares to related peptides: [Semaglutide vs Avexitide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-avexitide) [Semaglutide vs Cagrilintide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-cagrilintide) [Semaglutide vs CagriSema](/compare/semaglutide-vs-cagrisema) [Semaglutide vs CT-388](/compare/semaglutide-vs-ct-388) [Semaglutide vs Dapiglutide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-dapiglutide) [Semaglutide vs Efpeglenatide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-efpeglenatide) [Semaglutide vs Garetosmab](/compare/semaglutide-vs-garetosmab) [Semaglutide vs Glepaglutide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-glepaglutide) [Semaglutide vs Insulin Efsitora Alfa](/compare/semaglutide-vs-insulin-efsitora-alfa) [Semaglutide vs KAI-7535](/compare/semaglutide-vs-kai-7535) [Semaglutide vs Maridebart Cafraglutide (MariTide)](/compare/semaglutide-vs-maridebart-cafraglutide) [Semaglutide vs MariTide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-maritide) [Semaglutide vs Mazdutide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-mazdutide) [Semaglutide vs NA-931 (Bioglutide)](/compare/semaglutide-vs-na-931) [Semaglutide vs Retatrutide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-retatrutide) [Semaglutide vs Survodutide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-survodutide) [Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide](/compare/semaglutide-vs-tirzepatide) [Semaglutide vs Trevogrumab](/compare/semaglutide-vs-trevogrumab) [Semaglutide vs Ziltivekimab](/compare/semaglutide-vs-ziltivekimab) ## Calculator Tools Use our research tools to explore dosing and reconstitution data: [Reconstitution Calculator](/calculators) ## Citations 1. \[1\] Wilding JPH. et al. — Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/) 2. \[2\] OASIS 4 — Oral Semaglutide 25 mg in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. NEJM 2026 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40934115/) 3. \[3\] STEP UP — Semaglutide 7.2 mg in adults with obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2026 [PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40961952/) 4. \[4\] Johns Hopkins — GLP-1 cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in type 1 diabetes. 2026 [PubMed](https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2026/improved-heart-and-kidney-outcomes-for-type-1-diabetes-patients-taking-glp-1-weight-loss-drugs) 5. \[5\] Stanford Medicine — GLP-1 resistance: PAM genetic variants reduce drug effectiveness. Genome Medicine, April 2026 [PubMed](https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2026/04/glp-1-diabetes.html) 6. \[6\] Oral Wegovy vs orforglipron indirect treatment comparison — Obesity Medicine Association 2026 [PubMed](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wegovy-pill-demonstrated-greater-weight-loss-than-orforglipron-302732768.html) 7. \[7\] Genetic predictors of GLP-1 receptor agonist weight loss and side effects — Nature 2026 [PubMed](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z) 8. \[8\] Repositioning GLP-1 Drugs for Neurologic Disease — NeurologyLive 2026 [PubMed](https://www.neurologylive.com/view/repositioning-glp-1-drugs-neurologic-disease-evidence-advances-outlook) 9. \[9\] Repositioning GLP-1 Drugs for Neurologic Disease — NeurologyLive, April 2026 [PubMed](https://www.neurologylive.com/view/repositioning-glp-1-drugs-neurologic-disease-evidence-advances-outlook) 10. \[10\] The expanding landscape of GLP-1 medicines — Nature Medicine 2026 [PubMed](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-04124-5) 11. \[11\] Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide 14 mg in early-stage Alzheimer's disease (EVOKE and EVOKE+): two phase 3 trials — The Lancet. March 2026 [PubMed](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736\(26\)00459-9/fulltext) 12. \[12\] Comparative effectiveness of tirzepatide and semaglutide for obesity management — 6-month retrospective cohort study. PMC 2026 [PubMed](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12924827/) 13. \[13\] FDA Proposes to Exclude Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Liraglutide on 503B Bulks List — FDA. May 2026 [PubMed](https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-proposes-exclude-semaglutide-tirzepatide-and-liraglutide-503b-bulks-list) 14. \[14\] The Lancet Psychiatry — GLP-1 receptor agonist use associated with lower risk of worsening mental illness in depression and anxiety. 2026 [PubMed](https://news.ki.se/diabetes-drug-ozempic-linked-to-better-mental-health) 15. \[15\] Truveta — Early uptake of oral semaglutide for obesity (Wegovy pill). 2026 [PubMed](https://www.truveta.com/blog/research/featured-research/oral-semaglutide-for-obesity-wegovy-pill/) 16. \[16\] Novo Nordisk — Wegovy pill vs orforglipron indirect comparison at OMA 2026 [PubMed](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wegovy-pill-demonstrated-greater-weight-loss-than-orforglipron-and-lower-odds-of-stopping-medication-due-to-side-effects-in-a-new-indirect-comparison-to-be-presented-at-obesity-medicine-association-2026-302732768.html) 17. \[17\] FDA -- Approves Treatment for Serious Liver Disease Known as MASH (semaglutide). August 2025 [PubMed](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-treatment-serious-liver-disease-known-mash) 18. \[18\] Anglia Ruskin University — GLP-1 receptor agonists slash heart attack and stroke risk: meta-analysis of 90,000+ participants. Cardiovascular Diabetology — Endocrinology Reports. May 2026 [PubMed](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/05/260520093731.htm) 19. \[19\] Exploring the neuroprotective role of GLP-1 agonists against Alzheimer's disease: Real-world evidence from a propensity-matched cohort - PMC 2026 [PubMed](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12536097/) 20. \[20\] The neuroprotective properties of GLP-1R agonists correlate with their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier - PMC 2026 [PubMed](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11713650/) 21. \[21\] Novo Nordisk — Semaglutide ESSENCE Liver Safety and Subgroup Data at EASL 2026 [PubMed](https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/novo-nordisk-highlights-semaglutide-liver-safety-and-subgroup-data-in-mash-at-easl-2026) 22. \[22\] Genetic predictors of GLP1 receptor agonist weight loss and side effects. Nature (2026) [PubMed](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10330-z) 23. \[23\] CMS — Medicare GLP-1 Bridge: $50/month coverage for Wegovy, Foundayo, and Zepbound beginning July 1, 2026 [PubMed](https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coverage/prescription-drug-coverage/medicare-glp-1-bridge) ### Keep researching in the app - Log Semaglutide to your private tracker - Set a dosing reminder - Compare it side-by-side with your stack [Open PepTracker Pro Free](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=semaglutide) [Browse more peptides](/peptides) ## Related Peptides ### Avexitide Medium Evidence A first-in-class once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor ANTAGONIST (exendin 9-39) from Amylyx for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The mirror image of GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide, it blocks GLP-1 to stop the insulin surges that cause post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Phase 3 LUCIDITY completed enrollment March 2026 with topline data expected Q3 2026. [blood-sugar-control](/benefits/blood-sugar-control)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[rare-disease](/benefits/rare-disease) [View Details](/peptides/avexitide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=avexitide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=avexitide) ### Cagrilintide High Evidence A long-acting amylin analog studied for appetite regulation; NDA filed for CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) combination in December 2025, with FDA review expected in 2026. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism) [View Details](/peptides/cagrilintide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=cagrilintide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=cagrilintide) ### CagriSema High Evidence A fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide (amylin analog) and semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist) studied for enhanced weight loss through dual hormonal pathways. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism) [View Details](/peptides/cagrisema) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=cagrisema)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=cagrisema) ### CT-388 Medium Evidence An investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist from Roche/Genentech (acquired with Carmot Therapeutics for ~$2.7 billion; Roche code RO7795068). CT-388 is engineered as a 'signal-biased' agonist: it potently activates both incretin receptors but recruits little or no beta-arrestin, which is expected to reduce receptor internalization and desensitization and thereby prolong pharmacological activity. In a Phase 1b study it produced ~18.8% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 24 weeks, and in the Phase 2 CT388-103 dose-finding trial (469 adults with obesity/overweight) it delivered a placebo-adjusted mean weight loss of 22.5% at 48 weeks (efficacy estimand; 18.3% treatment-regimen estimand) at the top 24 mg dose, without reaching a plateau. Roche advanced CT-388 into Phase 3 in the first half of 2026, positioning it as a late-entrant competitor to tirzepatide (Zepbound) with a potentially differentiated biased-signaling mechanism. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Glycemic Control](/benefits/glycemic-control) [View Details](/peptides/ct-388) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=ct-388)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=ct-388) ### Dapiglutide Medium Evidence A long-acting, once-weekly dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist peptide (Zealand Pharma) developed for obesity, uniquely pairing GLP-1-driven weight loss with GLP-2 activation intended to improve intestinal barrier function and reduce obesity-related low-grade inflammation; development was paused in November 2025. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Gut Health](/benefits/gut-health)[Inflammation](/benefits/inflammation) [View Details](/peptides/dapiglutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=dapiglutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=dapiglutide) ### Efpeglenatide Low Evidence A once-weekly, long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist from Hanmi Pharmaceutical built on a different molecular backbone than semaglutide or liraglutide: instead of a modified human GLP-1, efpeglenatide uses exendin-4 - the naturally DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 mimic first found in Gila monster venom - fused to a fragment of a human antibody (an IgG4 Fc) through a small polyethylene-glycol (mini-PEG) linker using Hanmi's LAPSCOVERY half-life-extension platform. That design lets one subcutaneous injection lower blood sugar, curb appetite and reduce body weight for a full week. Efpeglenatide is best known for the landmark AMPLITUDE-O cardiovascular outcomes trial (NEJM 2021), in which 4,076 people with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular or kidney disease had a 27% lower rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE hazard ratio 0.73) and a 32% lower rate of a composite kidney outcome (hazard ratio 0.68) versus placebo - the first cardiovascular outcomes win for an exendin-based GLP-1 and one of the clearest kidney signals in the class, with benefit seen regardless of whether patients were also taking an SGLT2 inhibitor. Originally licensed to Sanofi and then returned to Hanmi in 2020, efpeglenatide is now being advanced primarily for obesity and overweight, with a Phase 3 program that has completed enrollment and a targeted first launch in South Korea in the second half of 2026. It is an investigational (not yet approved) prescription medicine, not a supplement or research chemical. [weight-loss](/benefits/weight-loss)[blood-sugar](/benefits/blood-sugar)[Cardiovascular](/benefits/cardiovascular)[kidney](/benefits/kidney) [View Details](/peptides/efpeglenatide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=efpeglenatide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=efpeglenatide) ### Garetosmab Medium Evidence Garetosmab (REGN2477) is Regeneron's investigational fully human anti-activin A monoclonal antibody. In the Phase 3 OPTIMA trial in adults with the ultra-rare bone disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), it cut new heterotopic bone lesions by ~90-94% and reduced new-lesion volume by >99% versus placebo; its BLA was accepted for FDA Priority Review with an August 2026 target action date. The same activin A blockade also makes garetosmab the muscle-preserving partner to trevogrumab and semaglutide in the Phase 2 COURAGE obesity program. [heterotopic-ossification-reduction](/benefits/heterotopic-ossification-reduction)[rare-disease-treatment](/benefits/rare-disease-treatment)[muscle-preservation](/benefits/muscle-preservation)[body-composition](/benefits/body-composition)+1 more [View Details](/peptides/garetosmab) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=garetosmab)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=garetosmab) ### Glepaglutide Medium Evidence A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog given by once- or twice-weekly subcutaneous injection that helps the gut absorb more nutrients in short bowel syndrome, reducing dependence on IV (parenteral) nutrition. [intestinal absorption]()[short bowel syndrome]()[reduced parenteral support]() [View Details](/peptides/glepaglutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=glepaglutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=glepaglutide) ### Insulin Efsitora Alfa High Evidence A once-weekly basal insulin engineered as a single-chain insulin analog fused to an antibody (IgG2) Fc fragment, giving it a roughly 17-day half-life so a single subcutaneous injection covers a full week. Developed by Eli Lilly (code LY3209590, also called basal insulin Fc or BIF), efsitora is designed to replace daily long-acting insulin with a flat, ultra-stable weekly profile. In the large Phase 3 QWINT program it matched daily insulins glargine and degludec on A1C in type 2 diabetes, and in insulin-naive patients its simplified fixed-dose titration cut the number of dose adjustments dramatically while keeping hypoglycemia low. In type 1 diabetes (QWINT-5) it was non-inferior on A1C but showed a higher rate of severe hypoglycemia, a key safety caveat. As of mid-2026 efsitora is under FDA review for type 2 diabetes (a decision expected in the third quarter of 2026) and would compete directly with Novo Nordisk's once-weekly insulin icodec (Awiqli). [Glycemic Control](/benefits/glycemic-control)[Hormone Support](/benefits/hormone-support) [View Details](/peptides/insulin-efsitora-alfa) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=insulin-efsitora-alfa)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=insulin-efsitora-alfa) ### KAI-7535 Medium Evidence An oral once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist (Hengrui's HRS-7535, licensed to Kailera) that delivered up to 10.9% weight loss at Week 44 in a Chinese Phase 3 obesity trial and met its Phase 3 diabetes endpoint, now in a global Phase 2 dose-optimization study. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[blood-sugar-control](/benefits/blood-sugar-control)+1 more [View Details](/peptides/kai-7535) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=kai-7535)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=kai-7535) ### Maridebart Cafraglutide (MariTide) Medium Evidence Amgen's once-monthly injectable GIP receptor antagonist and GLP-1 receptor agonist, showing up to 20% weight loss in phase 2 trials with a unique mechanism that blocks GIP while activating GLP-1. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss) [View Details](/peptides/maridebart-cafraglutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=maridebart-cafraglutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=maridebart-cafraglutide) ### MariTide High Evidence A bispecific GIPR antagonist and GLP-1 receptor agonist antibody-peptide conjugate developed by Amgen for obesity and type 2 diabetes. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism) [View Details](/peptides/maritide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=maritide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=maritide) ### Mazdutide High Evidence The first dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in China for obesity and T2D, with Phase 3 showing up to 20.1% weight loss at the 9 mg dose and superiority over semaglutide. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism) [View Details](/peptides/mazdutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=mazdutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=mazdutide) ### NA-931 (Bioglutide) Medium Evidence The first oral quadruple receptor agonist targeting IGF-1, GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for obesity treatment with muscle preservation. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)[muscle-preservation](/benefits/muscle-preservation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)+1 more [View Details](/peptides/na-931) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=na-931)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=na-931) ### Retatrutide High Evidence An investigational triple agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon) studied for obesity and metabolic disease. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss) [View Details](/peptides/retatrutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=retatrutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=retatrutide) ### Survodutide Medium Evidence A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist with FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH and Priority Review NDA filed February 2026. Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 reported 16.6% weight loss at 76 weeks; approval possible Q3 2026. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss) [View Details](/peptides/survodutide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=survodutide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=survodutide) ### Tirzepatide High Evidence A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, weight management, and MASH with liver fibrosis. [Weight Management](/benefits/weight-management)[Appetite Regulation](/benefits/appetite-regulation)[Metabolism](/benefits/metabolism)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)+1 more [View Details](/peptides/tirzepatide) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=tirzepatide)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=tirzepatide) ### Trevogrumab Medium Evidence Trevogrumab (REGN1033) is an investigational fully human anti-myostatin (anti-GDF8) monoclonal antibody from Regeneron being tested as a lean-mass-sparing add-on to semaglutide in the Phase 2 COURAGE obesity trial; adding it to semaglutide prevented roughly half of the ~33% of GLP-1-induced weight loss that normally comes from muscle, and the semaglutide + trevogrumab + garetosmab triplet reached 13.4% weight loss at 26 weeks with only ~7.4% of that loss from lean mass. [muscle-preservation](/benefits/muscle-preservation)[lean-mass-retention](/benefits/lean-mass-retention)[body-composition](/benefits/body-composition)[Fat Loss](/benefits/fat-loss)+1 more [View Details](/peptides/trevogrumab) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=trevogrumab)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=trevogrumab) ### Ziltivekimab Medium Evidence An investigational, fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) to test whether lowering vascular inflammation - independently of cholesterol - can prevent heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular death. Given as a low-volume, once-monthly 15 mg subcutaneous injection (half-life ~57 days), ziltivekimab was originally developed by Corvidia Therapeutics and acquired by Novo Nordisk in 2020 for up to $2.1 billion. It is the flagship clinical test of the 'residual inflammatory risk' hypothesis that grew out of the CANTOS trial of the IL-1 beta antibody canakinumab: the idea that many high-risk patients keep having cardiovascular events because of ongoing inflammation (marked by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP) even when LDL cholesterol is well controlled. In the Phase 2 RESCUE trial ziltivekimab cut hsCRP by up to ~92%, and it advanced into three large Phase 3 cardiovascular outcomes trials - ZEUS, HERMES and ARTEMIS. On July 31, 2026, Novo Nordisk announced that the pivotal ZEUS trial (>6,300 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and inflammation) MISSED its primary endpoint: despite clear target engagement (large falls in free IL-6 and hsCRP), ziltivekimab did not reduce major adverse cardiovascular events versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.88-1.11). The heart-failure trial HERMES and the post-heart-attack trial ARTEMIS continue, with readouts expected in the first half of 2027. Ziltivekimab is a prescription-stage investigational biologic - it is not approved anywhere and is not a supplement or research chemical. [anti-inflammatory](/benefits/anti-inflammatory)[Cardiovascular](/benefits/cardiovascular)[kidney-health](/benefits/kidney-health)[atheroprotective (hypothesized)]() [View Details](/peptides/ziltivekimab) [\+ Compare](/compare?select=ziltivekimab)[](https://app.peptrackerpro.com/?add=ziltivekimab) [PepTracker Pro](/) Educational peptide information and research tracking tools. 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